• Open vs. closed mortgage – An open mortgage allows you to pay off as much of your debt as you wish, whenever you want, without being charged a prepayment penalty. This option allows for flexibility, but interest rates are usually higher on open mortgages. Closed mortgages have a set term and fixed conditions. With a closed mortgage, you may be able to make some prepayments each year without charge, and, for agreeing to keep the mortgage for the full term, you may get a more favorable interest rate

• Conventional vs. collateral charge mortgage – A conventional mortgage means that your lender registers your mortgage for the actual amount of the mortgage loan – the amount you borrow.
  For example, if you require a mortgage loan of $250,000 to buy a home, the lender will register the conventional charge for $250,000.

  With a collateral mortgage, the lender may register the mortgage for the actual amount of the mortgage loan or for an amount that is greater than the actual amount of the mortgage loan.

  For example, if you require a mortgage loan of $250,000 to buy a home, a collateral charge may be registered for $300,000.

  By registering the charge for an amount that is higher than the actual loan, at a future time you may be able to borrow additional funds through other loans, lines of credit or other credit agreements without additional registration or mortgage discharge costs and any legal costs may be lower.

• Reverse mortgages – Designed for seniors who currently own a home, a reverse mortgage allows you to access up to 55 per cent of the equity in your home without selling it. You don’t make any payments on a reverse mortgage, but the interest on your reverse mortgage accumulates. The loan and accumulated interest are payable when you sell the house or it’s no longer your principal residence. The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada has more information about reverse mortgages on its website at www.canada.ca/fcac.

• Interest is the amount added to what you have borrowed to compensate the lender for the use of its funds. It is shown as an annual interest rate percentage. Interest is usually paid to the lender in regular payments along with the repayment of the principal (loan amount).

• Fixed rate vs. variable rate – A fixed rate mortgage has a set interest rate for the term of the mortgage; the rate does not fluctuate with market changes. With a variable rate mortgage, the interest rate is influenced by an external rate of interest, typically the Bank of Canada’s Overnight Rate.

Bank mortgages with less than a 20% down payment, known as high-ratio mortgages, are required by law to be insured against default. This requirement ensures borrowers get a reasonable interest rate, even with a smaller down payment. Mortgage loan insurance also helps stabilize the housing market. During economic slumps when down payments may be harder to save, it ensures the availability of mortgage funding.

If you default on your mortgage and are not able to make your mortgage payments, mortgage loan insurance pays back the mortgage lender. Mortgage loan insurance requires the payment of a premium, which is usually added to the amount of your mortgage or can be paid in full when you buy the house.

Currently, mortgage loan insurance is only available for homes under $1.5 million.

For a purchase price of $500,000 or less, the minimum down payment is 5%. For purchases above $500,000, the minimum down payment is 5% for the first $500,000 and 10% for the remaining portion.

• The federal Home Buyers Plan (HBP) - This plan allows first-time home buyers to withdraw up to $60,000 per person from their Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSP), without tax liability, to buy a home in Canada. You have up to 15 years to repay the withdrawn RRSP money, but you don’t have to start paying back your RRSP until the second year after the year when you first withdraw your funds. Before cashing in your RRSP to buy a home, weigh the pros and cons carefully. To be eligible for the HBP:
  

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  • You need to be a first-time homebuyer. You can be considered a first-time home buyer if, in the preceding four-year period, you did not occupy a home that you or your current spouse of common-law partner owned.

  • You need a written agreement to buy or build a home.

  • You intend to occupy the home as your principal residence within one year after buying or building it.

  • Your HBP balance on January 1 of the year you plan to withdraw must be zero

To find out more about this program, contact the Canada Revenue Agency.

For all insured and uninsured mortgages (i.e. with a 20% down payment or more), borrowers will need to prove that they can afford payments based on the greater of a minimum qualifying rate of 5.25% or their contract mortgage rate plus two percentage points.

These minimum qualifying rates are meant to help ensure homebuyers can still manage their mortgage payments should interest rates rise.

Mortgage contracts have a set term and when that term is over, you’ll have the opportunity to renew and refinance your mortgage contract (or pay it off).

If your existing mortgage is with a federally-regulated financial institution (such as a bank), they are required to provide you a renewal notice at least 21 days prior to the end of your term. This is your opportunity to shop around for the mortgage that best suits you.

If you have a closed mortgage and decide to break your mortgage contract before the end of the term, it’s important to understand that you may be charged a prepayment charge that compensates the lender for the costs it incurs to reinvest the funds.

When you sign a mortgage agreement, you are signing a contract with the lender agreeing to pay the amount borrowed at a specified interest rate over the term, or duration, of your mortgage.

There are different reasons why you may want to break the mortgage contract:

• you sell your home

• you choose to renegotiate your mortgage to take advantage of lower interest rates

• you have an opportunity to pay off your mortgage in full early, before the term ends

Information about the prepayment charge is outlined in your mortgage agreement and is typically the greater of:

• three months’ interest on what you still owe, or

• the interest rate differential (IRD). The IRD is based on a) your remaining mortgage balance and b) the difference between the interest rate on your mortgage contract and the rate at which the lending institution can re-lend the money for the remaining term of your mortgage.

Banks’ commitment to providing enhanced information about mortgages ensures that you have access to information and explanations about prepayment charges. Your mortgage agreement will tell you how prepayment charges are calculated for your mortgage and will give you a formula to estimate what your prepayment charge would be. For a more exact estimate, contact your lender. Please note that any estimate that your lender provides is only accurate at that time. A day or a week later, the variables used to calculate that estimate could change. For example, interest rates could change or the remaining term of the mortgage could be different. These changes affect the amount of the prepayment charge.

The mortgage amortization period is the number of years it takes to repay the mortgage and interest in full. If your mortgage amortization period is 25 years, it will take 25 years to pay off your mortgage. The longer the amortization period, the more you pay in interest. Here are some factors you’ll want to keep in mind:

• A higher down payment will mean you’ll borrow less money overall.

• Consider the frequency of your mortgage payments. Paying weekly or biweekly instead of monthly can mean you pay less in interest over time.

• Consider increasing your payment amounts. By doing so, you can reduce the length of the amortization period and pay less interest.

• Some mortgages have annual prepayment privileges allowing you to pay a lump sum on your principal without any prepayment charges.

• Consider choosing the shortest possible amortization period you can manage to shorten the amount of time you take to pay off the loan.